Lassa Fever outbreak in Nigeria: Rising death toll, causes, and response measures

Since the beginning of 2025, the Lassa Fever outbreak in Nigeria has claimed the lives of at least 138 people, according to a recent report by the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (NCDC). As of May 15, 2025, 717 suspected cases had been reported, with a confirmed infection rate of 19.3%.

The disease continues to spread across various states, and the death toll has increased compared to the same period in 2024, when the case fatality rate stood at 18.0%. Despite ongoing efforts to curb the outbreak, significant obstacles remain, posing a challenge to public health response efforts.

Increase in reported cases

According to the NCDC report, in addition to the Epi State, Lassa Fever has also been detected in four other states: Ondo, Bauchi, Edo, and Benue. Among these, Ondo (30%), Bauchi (25%), and Taraba (16%) are the most affected, indicating a continued expansion of the outbreak across the country.

Young adults aged between 21 and 30 are the most affected demographic, with more cases reported among men than women. This trend highlights the vulnerability of youth to the disease.

Barriers to containment

The NCDC notes that poor coordination between public health authorities and other stakeholders remains a major hurdle in controlling the spread. Many infected individuals delay seeking medical attention or avoid hospitals altogether, despite exhibiting symptoms. Additionally, misinformation, limited public awareness, and a lack of health infrastructure in affected regions continue to exacerbate the crisis.

Symptoms and impact of Lassa Fever

Infected individuals typically experience symptoms such as high fever, vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, muscle and joint aches, and extreme fatigue. While no new infections have been reported among health workers in recent weeks, 22 healthcare personnel have tested positive since January 2025.

Preventive measures

The NCDC has urged the public to prioritize hygiene and stay informed about the disease’s symptoms. Citizens are advised to seek immediate medical care upon experiencing signs of infection, avoid direct contact with the bodily fluids of infected individuals, and maintain cleanliness at home and in public areas.

Despite the ongoing challenges, the containment of Lassa Fever requires coordinated efforts from all sectors. Targeted interventions—such as timely diagnosis, isolation of confirmed cases, and community education—are essential in safeguarding public health and preventing further transmission.