Mu Kinyarwanda : Amasezerano y’amahoro hagati ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (RDC) na Repubulika y’u Rwanda

June 28, 2025 Sylvain Mudacumura

ITANGIRIRO

Leta ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo (RDC) na Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda (u Rwanda), (hano zombi zirakomeza zitwa “Impande zombi”);

BONGEYE KUGARAGAZA ko biyemeje kubahiriza Amasezerano y’ingingo ngenderwaho yasinywe n’impande zombi ku wa 25 Mata 2025, ashingiye ku bwubahane, ubusugire bw’imipaka, ubumwe bw’igihugu no gukemura amakimbirane mu mahoro;

BEMERA ko ari ngombwa gukemura amakimbirane mu buryo bwa politiki n’imishyikirano aho gukoresha ingufu za gisirikare;

BEMERA kandi ibyo Itegeko-shingiro rya Afurika Yunze Ubumwe rivuga, by’umwihariko kubaha imipaka yasanzweho igihe ibihugu byigobotoraga ubukoloni, n’ibindi byangombwa bigamije kwimakaza amahoro, umutekano n’ubwubahane hagati y’ibihugu bya Afurika, hamwe n’amasezerano y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ndetse n’icyemezo cya 2773 cy’Inama y’umutekano y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye (ku wa 21 Gashyantare 2025), n’ibindi byemezo bifitanye isano nacyo;

BIBUKIRANYIJE Inyandiko y’Icyerekezo cy’Ibikorwa (CONOPS) ishingiye ku Gahunda y’Ihuzabikorwa ry’ ibirindiro byo kurwanya FDLR no gukura ingabo n’ibikorwa by’ubwirinzi byo ku ruhande rw’u Rwanda, yatangajwe ku wa 31 Ukwakira 2024, ivuye mu biganiro bya Luanda, hamwe n’itangazo ry’Umwiherero wa kabiri w’Abakuru b’Ibihugu n’aba za Guverinoma wa CAE-SADC wabaye ku wa 24 Werurwe 2025, byemejwe n’Inama ya 6 ya ba Minisitiri hagati ya RDC n’u Rwanda ku wa 25 Ugushyingo 2024;

BAZI NEZA ko hari ibiganiro biri hagati ya RDC n’AFC/M23 byatumijwe na Leta ya Qatar i Doha, kandi bakaba bafite inshingano zo kubishyigikira no kubirangiza neza;

BIFUJE guhagarika burundu imirwano ishobora guhungabanya inzira y’amahoro, gushyigikira amahoro arambye, umutekano n’iterambere ry’akarere, no gusubukura umubano usanzwe hagati y’impande zombi;

BEMEJE guteza imbere iyubahirizwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu;

BEMEYE ko bagomba gukurikiza ingingo zikurikira:

1. UBUSUGIRE BW’IGIHUGU NO GUHAGARIKA IMIRWANO

Impande zombi zumvikanye ku bikurikira mu rwego rwo kubaha imipaka y’igihugu no kwimakaza amahoro:

Kubaha ubusugire bwa RDC: u Rwanda ruzasubiza inyuma ingabo zarwo kandi rukureho ingamba z’ubwirinzi, ni uko habeho gahunda ihuriweho yo kurwanya FDLR, hubahirizwa ibikubiye muri CONOPS ya 31/10/2024.
Kubaha ubusugire bw’u Rwanda: RDC yiyemeje kurwanya no gukura FDLR mu turere twa RDC, hashingiwe kuri iyo gahunda ya CONOPS.
Gukemura amakimbirane mu mahoro: amakimbirane azajya akemurwa binyuze mu nzira zemewe n’amategeko, aho gukoresha intambara.
Kwirinda ibikorwa by’ubushotoranyi: nta ruhande rwemerewe kugaba ibitero cyangwa gushyigikira ibikorwa bibangamira amahoro, umutekano cyangwa ubusugire bw’urundi ruhande.
Kuburizamo ibikorwa byo gushyigikira imitwe yitwaje intwaro: buri ruhande ruzabuza ibikorwa byose by’intambara bikorerwa ku butaka bwarwo cyangwa biterwa inkunga narwo. Buri ruhande rugomba gufata ingamba zose zishoboka ngo ibyo bikorwa bitazabaho.
Aho aya masezerano agera: ntagira umupaka; aho ingabo zaba ziri hose, bigomba kubahirizwa.
Inshingano ku mitwe yitwaje intwaro itari iya Leta: impande zombi zizakora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo iyo mitwe yose ihagarike ibikorwa byayo.
Kurinda abasivili n’abakozi b’ubutabazi: impande zombi zemeranya gutanga ubwisanzure bw’imitemberere y’abaturage n’abakozi ba sosiyete sivile, bagahabwa uburenganzira bwabo nk’uko amategeko mpuzamahanga abiteganya.

2. GUSUBIZA INYUMA IMITWE Y’INYESHYAMBA, KUYAMBURA INTWARO NO GUSUBIZA MU BUZIMA BUSANZWE IMITWE YOSE YITWAJE INTWARO ITARI IYA LETA

Mu rwego rwo guteza imbere ihagarikwa ry’imirwano mu buryo burambye no kugira ngo akarere kabyaze umusaruro umutungo wako, impande zombi zishyigikiye ibiganiro biri hagati ya RDC n’AFC/M23 byatumijwe na Leta ya Qatar i Doha, ndetse n’inzira yo gusubiza inyuma, kwambura intwaro,no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe imitwe yitwaje intwaro itari iya Leta. Ibi bikubiyemo:

Guhagarika gutera inkunga imitwe yitwaje intwaro: Impande zombi bemeye guhagarika aka kanya, nta kibanje gusabwa, inkunga iyo ari yo yose zahaga imitwe yitwaje intwaro itari iya Leta, keretse gusa iyo ari inkunga ijyanye no gushyirisha mu bikorwa aya masezerano.
Gusubiza inyuma: Mu buryo buteguwe neza kandi buhuje n’isubizwa inyuma ry’inyeshyamba, kandi nk’uko bizagenwa n’andi masezerano ari imbere, impande zombi zishyigikiye kwambura intwaro, gusubiza inyuma, kwambura intwaro,no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe imitwe yitwaje intwaro itari iya Leta uko byagaragajwe n’andi masezerano cyangwa inzira ziriho, harimo na P-DDRCS (Processus de Désarmement, de Démobilisation, de Réinsertion Communautaire et de Stabilisation) ndetse n’Inzego z’Ubufatanye mu By’Umutekano (Mécanisme conjoint de coordination de la sécurité), nk’uko bigaragara mu gice cya 3 cy’aya masezerano.
Gushyira bamwe na bamwe mu ngabo za Leta, ku buryo bugenzuwe: Kwinjiza abahoze mu mirwano mu Ngabo za FARDC cyangwa Polisi ya PNC bigomba gukorwa mu buryo bwihariye, harebwe buri wese ku giti cy’umuntu umwe ku wundi, bajonjowe na Leta, hakurikijwe ibisabwa by’umwihariko birimo: ubushobozi bw’umubiri n’ubwenge, imyitwarire isukuye n’imibereho idashinjwa ibyaha bikomeye byishe amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu, ndetse no kuba inyangamugayo no kwizerwa na Leta n’inzego zayo.

3. INZEGO ZIHURIYE KU BUFATANYE MU BY’UMUTEKANOImpande zombi zemeranya gukorera hamwe, ndetse n’abandi bafatanyabikorwa bo mu karere n’abo ku rwego mpuzamahanga, mu gushimangira umutekano, iterambere n’amahoro mu karere, bemeranya ko amahoro n’umutekano bidatandukana n’iterambere.

Impande zombi zemeranya gushyiraho kandi gutangiza mu minsi 30 nyuma y’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’aya masezerano Urwego ruhuriweho ku mutekano (Mécanisme conjoint de coordination de la sécurité) hagati ya RDC n’u Rwanda. Uru rwego ruzakora rushingiye gusa ku bisanzwe byemejwe hagati y’impande.

Uru rwego ruhuriweho rugira:

Uburyo bwo guhuza imikoranire (procédures opérationnelles communes),
Uburyo buhuriweho bwo gutanga raporo (mécanismes d’établissement de rapports),
Bikaba bigamije guca urujijo no kongera gukorana mu mucyo ibikorwa byose bizakorwa.

Ihame rizagenga uru rwego rishingiye kuri ibi bikurikira (bigaragara no mu nyandiko y’inyongera ibarizwa mu mugereka w’amasezerano):

Guhagarika burundu kandi mu buryo buzagenzurwa gutera inkunga kwa Leta imitwe nka FDLR n’indi mitwe iyishamikiyeho, harimo no guhagarika inkunga iyo ari yo yose yaba ari iy’imbere mu gihugu cyangwa iva hanze (ibikoresho, amafaranga, ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga cyangwa ubundi bufasha).
Kwiyemeza gushakisha, kugenzura, kumenya aho FDLR iri no kuyirwanya, hashingiwe ku CONOPS ya 31 Ukwakira 2024.
Kubakira kuri gahunda z’ubufatanye z’umutekano zashoboye gutanga umusaruro, aho ibikorwa byose bizajya biba bifite intego, bigarukira gusa aho bikenewe, kandi bigamije guhashya ibyago nyabyo bihari.
Kurengera abasivili no kubahiriza amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu.

4. IMPUNZI, ABAKUWE MU BYABO N’IBINDI BIBAZO BY’UBUTABAZI

Impande zombi, zifashijwe n’imiryango y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye, imiryango y’ubutabazi ndetse n’umuryango mpuzamahanga, bemeye ibi bikurikira:

Gucyura ku neza impunzi : Impande zombi zemeranya gufasha impunzi gusubira mu bihugu byazo ku bushake, mu mutekano no mu cyubahiro, mu bufatanye n’inzego z’ubuyobozi bw’ibihugu byombi (inzego gakondo cyangwa iz’umuco muri buri gace), hakurikijwe ibyo amategeko mpuzamahanga asaba, ndetse n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga yiswe Amasezerano y’i Kigali yo ku wa 17 Gashyantare 2010, yasinywe hagati ya RDC, u Rwanda na HCR (Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku mpunzi). Izi nzego zombi zashimangiye akamaro k’aya masezerano.
Abakuwe mu byabo bakiri imbere mu gihugu (déplacés internes): Impande zombi zemeza ko kugira ngo abaturage bavuye mu byabo bashobore gusubira aho bakomoka, hasabwa kubanza guhagarika intambara no gukorana n’inzego zemewe z’ubuyobozi bw’igihugu (ku rwego rw’uturere no ku rwego gakondo).
Ubutabazi: Impande zombi ziyemeje gushyiraho ibikorwa remezo biboneye, bizatuma ibikorwa by’ubutabazi (aide humanitaire) bigerwaho, kandi ko imiryango y’ubutabazi izahabwa uruhushya rutaziguye, rutabangamiwe, rutagira imipaka, kugira ngo igere ku bantu bari mu byago byinshi, hakurikijwe amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu n’ibyemezo byafashwe n’Akanama ka Loni gashinzwe umutekano.

Inzego zemewe z’ubuyobozi bw’igihugu za RDC ni zo zishinzwe ko ibi bikorwa bikorwa neza, hashingiwe ku buyobozi bw’igihugu cya RDC.

5. MONUSCO N’UBUNDI BUFASHA BWA LONI N’IMIRYANGO MPUZAMAHANGA

Impande zombi zashyigikiye kandi zemeza ko zigomba gushyigikira ibikorwa byose bya MONUSCO n’izindi nzego mpuzamahanga zishinzwe amahoro n’umutekano:

MONUSCO (Ubutumwa bw’amahoro bwa Loni muri RDC): Impande zombi zafashe icyemezo gufasha MONUSCO mu nshingano zayo zose, harimo no kurengera abasivili no gukurikiza ibikubiye mu mabwiriza ya MONUSCO, harimo no gutanga uruhushya rwo kugenda ku bwisanzure bwayo, no kurinda abakozi ba Loni bari mu burasirazuba bwa RDC.
Impande zombi ziyemeje gushyigikira ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’Icyemezo 2773 cy’Akanama ka Loni gashinzwe umutekano (cyafashwe muri Gashyantare 2025) ndetse n’ibindi byemezo bifitanye isano.
Zombi zemeje ko MONUSCO nk’uko yahawe inshingano n’Icyemezo 2765 cy’Akanama ka Loni (mu 2024) igira uruhare runini mu kugarura amahoro n’umutekano mu baturage.

6. URWEGO RW’UBUFATANYE MU BUKUNGU MU KARERE

Impande zombi zemeranya ko mu mezi atatu (3) nyuma y’itangira ry’aya masezerano, bazatangiza urwego rw’ubufatanye mu bukungu mu karere, ruzagenwa mu masezerano yihariye azitwa:
“Urwego rw’Ubukungu mu Karere” (Cadre d’intégration économique régionale).

Urwo Rwego rw’ubukungu ruhuriweho ruzubakira ku mishinga isanzwe ihari nka:

ZLECAf (Zone de libre-échange continentale africaine)
CIRGL (Conférence Internationale sur la Région des Grands Lacs)
COMESA
EAC/CEA (East African Community)

Ibi bizashingira ku ngingo zikurikira:

Ubufatanye hagati ya RDC n’u Rwanda: Hazabaho imishinga ihuriweho mu buryo bugezweho urugero nko:
- Gucungira hamwe Parike z’igihugu,
- Imishinga y’ingomero z’ingufu z’amashanyarazi (hydroélectrique),
- Igenzura ry’uko amabuye y’agaciro acukurwa mu mucyo,
- Gucunga umutungo uhuriweho w’ikiyaga cya Kivu,
- Igenamigambi ry’imishinga kuva ku bucukuzi kugeza ku nganda zitunganya.

Ibi bizajyana no gufatanya n’abashoramali bo muri Amerika (US investors), aho bikwiye.

Ubufatanye mu karere hose: Impande zombi zashimangiye ko ziteguye gufatanya n’abandi bafatanyabikorwa b’ingenzi mu rwego rwo kwagura ibikorwa bijyanye n’iterambere n’ibikorwaremezo (infrastructure) no kubihuza n’ibindi biganiro mpuzamahanga cyangwa akarere.
Gukurikirana ubukungu: Hazashyirwaho inzego zigenga zishinzwe kugenzura ubukungu hirindwa ubujura na forode (corruption) kugira ngo zigenzure:
- Inzira zinyuzwamo ibicuruzwa,
- Imishinga y’iterambere,
- Amasezerano y’ubucuruzi hagati y’impande zombi.

7. ISHYIRWA MU BIKORWA RY’AMASEZERANO N’UKO IBIBAZO BIKEMURWA

Uburyo ibibazo bikemurwamo

Impande zombi zemeranya ko buri kibazo gishobora kuvuka mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’aya masezerano kizakemurwa mu mahoro, binyuze mu bufasha bwa Komite ishinzwe kugenzura ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amasezerano (Joint Monitoring Committee – JMC), igihe kimwe mu bihugu byombi kibisabye.

Iyo ayo mahoro atagezweho hagati y’impande, ikibazo cyoherezwa muri Komite ishinzwe kugenzura amasezerano kugira ngo ikifashishe.

Komite ishinzwe kugenzura amasezerano

Mu rwego rwo kugenzura neza ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’aya masezerano, impande zombi zemeza ko hashyirwaho Komite yihariye igizwe n’impande zombi, kandi hakurikizwa ibi bikurikira:

Impande zombi ni abanyamuryango nyakuri b’iyo Komite.
Impande zombi zemeranya gutumira mu gihe kitarenze iminsi itatu (3) nyuma yo gushyira umukono ku masezerano, ibi bihugu n’imiryango mpuzamahanga ikurikira kugira ngo na bo babe abanyamuryango:
- Intumwa yihariye y’Umuryango wa Afurika yunze ubumwe (UA),
- Igihugu cya Qatar,
- Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USA).

Inshingano za Komite

Komite izaba ifite izi nshingano:

Kwakira ibirego by’impande birebana no kwica amasezerano, no gufasha mu gukemura ibyo bibazo;
Gufata ingamba zikwiriye mu gihe habayeho kwica amasezerano;
Kugenzura no gusuzuma ibyo birego by’uko amasezerano yarenzweho, no kubikemura;
Komite izaba ifite ububasha bwo:
- Gushyiraho undi muntu uhagarariye amasezerano cyangwa
- Gushinga itsinda ryihariye ribifashamo.

Inama ya mbere ya Komite

Inama ya mbere izaba vuba bishoboka, ariko itarenze iminsi 45 nyuma y’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’aya masezerano.
Impande zombi zatekereje ko iyo nama ya mbere ishobora kubera i Washington.

8. INGINGO ZISOZA

Aya masezerano azaguma mu bikorwa iteka ryose kugeza mu gihe kitazwi (ad infinitum), keretse igihe impande zombi zaba zemeranyije ku kindi.
Ashobora guhagarikwa igihe icyo ari cyo cyose n’impande zombi, ariko bigasabwa gutanga inyandiko yanditse y’iminsi 60 mbere ku rundi ruhande.
Aya masezerano ashobora guhindurwa gusa n’impande zombi binyuze mu byanditswe bihuriweho.
Inyongera (Annexe) iri kumwe n’aya masezerano, ifatwa nk’igice cyuzuzanya cy’aya masezerano.

9. ITANGIRA RY’AMASEZERANO

Aya masezerano atangiye kubahirizwa ku munsi yashyiriweho imikono, kandi inshingano zayo zitangira uwo munsi ako kanya.

Yashyiriweho umukono i Washington, kuwa 27 Kamena 2025, mu nyandiko ebyiri, mu ndimi zombi: Igifaransa n’Icyongereza, zose zifite agaciro kangana.

Ku ruhande rwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo: _________________________________	Ku ruhande rwa Repubulika y’u Rwanda:________________________________
Byemejwe kandi byashimangiwe na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika__________________

Ivomo : Bureau of African Affairs